What is “human dignity”? Grandma’s life may depend on the answer…

Check out the new and very timely book, “Building on sand: Human dignity in Canadian Law & Society,” by ARPA director Mark Penninga.

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The Montreal Gazette – November 22, 2009
Defining human dignity: Pro- and anti-euthanasia advocates use different interpretations of the concept to bolster their arguments
By Margaret Somerville

Euthanasia advocates argue respect for human dignity requires that euthanasia be legalized and opponents of euthanasia argue exactly the opposite, that respect for human dignity requires it remain prohibited. In short, the concept of human dignity and what is required to respect it is at the centre of the euthanasia debate, but there is no consensus on what we mean by human dignity, its proper use, or its basis.

American political scientist Diana Schaub says “we no longer agree about the content of dignity, because we no longer share … a ‘vision of what it means to be human’.” She’s correct. So what are the various interpretations of dignity and what can they tell us about “what it means to be human”?

Intrinsic dignity means one has dignity simply because one is human. This is a status model – dignity comes simply with being a human being. It’s an example of “recognition respect” – respect is contingent on what one is, a human being.

Extrinsic dignity means that whether one has dignity depends on the circumstances in which one finds oneself and whether others see one as having dignity. Dignity is conferred and can be taken away. Dignity depends on what one can or cannot do. Extrinsic dignity is a functional or achievement model – dignity comes with being able to perform in a certain way and not to perform in other ways. It comes with being a human doing. This is an example of “appraisal respect” – respect is contingent on what one does.

These two definitions provide very different answers as to what respect for human dignity requires in relation to disabled or dying people, and that matters in relation to euthanasia.

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